Glaucoma is a group of eye disorders characterized by progressive damage to the optic nerve, often associated with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). It is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. The condition typically progresses slowly and painlessly, making early detection challenging, as peripheral vision loss often precedes central vision impairment. Risk factors include age, family history, high eye pressure, certain medical conditions like diabetes, and prolonged corticosteroid use. Glaucoma is broadly classified into open-angle and angle-closure types, with open-angle being the most common. Diagnosis relies on measuring intraocular pressure, assessing the optic nerve, and evaluating visual fields. Although vision loss from glaucoma cannot be reversed, early detection and treatment—through medications, laser therapy, or surgery—can slow or prevent further damage, preserving vision.
Objectives
- On completion of this topic, the leaner will be able to
- Define glaucoma
- Describe the etiological factors associated with glaucoma
- Describe the classification of glaucoma
- Relate the clinical manifestations of glaucoma to the associated pathophysiology
- Identify the diagnostic and assessment findings of glaucoma
- Identify the possible complications of glaucoma
- Explain both surgical and nursing management of glaucoma
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